How to search for opportunity zip codes for section 8 mobility

Last updated 2026-07-11

What is an opportunity zip code and why does it matter for Section 8?

An opportunity zip code is shorthand for a census tract or zip code with low poverty, high-performing schools, low crime, and a strong labor market. The phrase comes out of HUD's Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) framework and the research behind HUD's Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration, which followed thousands of families who moved to lower-poverty neighborhoods over two decades.

The MTO results were striking. A 2015 study by Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, and Lawrence Katz in the Quarterly Journal of Economics found that children who moved to lower-poverty areas before age 13 earned about 31 percent more as adults than the control group, and were more likely to attend college ^[1]. That one finding drives most modern voucher mobility programs.

For a Section 8 voucher holder, the payoff is practical. Find a landlord in one of those areas who takes your voucher, and you get the long-run benefits without giving up your rental assistance. The housing choice voucher program is built to give families that choice. In practice, payment standards, landlord reluctance, and missing information create friction. Knowing exactly which zip codes qualify, and how to search them systematically, closes most of that gap.

What tools let you actually look up opportunity zip codes?

Four tools matter, and the best search combines at least two of them. Each one answers a different question, so leaning on a single map leaves you blind to either cost or quality.

1. HUD's AFFH Data and Mapping Tool (AFFH-T) This is the federal government's own geographic database of neighborhood opportunity. It pulls from Census, HMDA, CHAS (Consolidated Housing Affordability Strategy), and other HUD sources. Filter by metro area, then turn on layers for poverty rate, school proficiency, job access, and environmental health. Reach it through HUD's fair housing office page ^[2]. Free, no login.

2. Opportunity Atlas Built by Harvard's Opportunity Insights lab from IRS tax records, the Atlas shows outcomes (income, incarceration, college attendance) for children who grew up in each Census tract, broken out by race and parental income. Search by address or zip and see which tracts produce the best results for low-income kids ^[3]. This is the single most useful free tool for mobility searches.

3. Your PHA's mobility map or opportunity area list Many PHAs that run formal mobility programs have already flagged opportunity zip codes or tracts for their jurisdiction. Ask your housing authority directly. If your PHA gets Choice Neighborhoods, Moving to Work, or Small Area Fair Market Rent (SAFMR) funding, they almost certainly have an internal list.

4. HUD's Small Area FMR (SAFMR) maps HUD sets Small Area Fair Market Rents for roughly 270 metro areas. SAFMRs set payment standards at the zip-code level instead of the metro level, so vouchers stretch further in lower-cost opportunity areas. The SAFMR data, published every year, tells you which zip codes have enough rental housing to support voucher use. Pull the current dataset from HUD's FMR page ^[4].

Tool	What it shows	Best for	Cost
HUD AFFH-T	Multi-layer neighborhood data	PHAs, policy staff, experienced searchers	Free
Opportunity Atlas	Long-run outcome data by tract	Families choosing neighborhoods	Free
PHA mobility map	Pre-vetted opportunity areas	Voucher holders in mobility programs	Free via PHA
HUD SAFMR data	Zip-level payment standards	Finding affordable opportunity areas	Free

How do you run an opportunity zip code search step by step?

Here is the actual process. Budget 60 to 90 minutes for a first search.

Step 1: Set your metro boundary. Open the Opportunity Atlas (opportunityinsights.org). Type your current city or metro. The map colors each Census tract by the average income percentile of children who grew up there in low-income households. Darker blue means higher upward mobility. Look for blue tracts that are reachable and inside your voucher's portability range.

Step 2: Filter by poverty rate. HUD's AFFH framework generally treats tracts below 10 percent poverty as low poverty and tracts below 15 percent as moderate poverty. Some PHAs define opportunity tracts as those under 15 percent poverty with school proficiency above the metro median ^[2]. In the AFFH-T tool, turn on the poverty layer and shade the map. Write down the tract numbers or zip codes that clear your PHA's threshold.

Step 3: Cross-reference with SAFMR zip codes. Download the SAFMR schedule for your metro from HUD's FMR page. Sort by zip code. Match your shortlist of opportunity tracts to their zip codes, then check whether your voucher's payment standard covers a two- or three-bedroom there. If the SAFMR for a zip is $1,800 and your PHA's payment standard is $1,600, you may pay the difference, which is legal under 24 CFR 982.508 ^[5] but eats into affordability.

Step 4: Check school ratings. GreatSchools.org is the standard source mobility counselors reach for. It is not a government source, so treat its ratings as one signal, not a verdict. Cross-check with your state education department's school report card data, which carries more weight.

Step 5: Call your PHA's mobility counselor. If your PHA runs a mobility program, they have done this work already. A counselor can tell you which zip codes are on the approved list, whether landlord outreach has happened there, and whether your payment standard will actually work. This one call can save hours.

Step 6: Start your unit search in those zip codes. With your shortlist, search section 8 houses for rent listings, contact local property managers, and use HUD's Resource Locator to find affordable developments in those exact areas. If you are porting from another PHA, the receiving PHA in that metro administers your voucher under 24 CFR 982.353 ^[6].

What counts as a "high opportunity" area under HUD's definition?

HUD has never published a single universal definition of a high-opportunity area, which creates real confusion. The definition shifts by program.

Under the AFFH final rule (first published 2015, rescinded 2020, reinstated with modifications in 2023 ^[7]), HUD flags R/ECAPs (Racially and Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty) as the opposite of opportunity areas. An R/ECAP is a tract where total poverty tops 40 percent (or hits at least three times the metro rate) and the non-white population is above 50 percent. Moving from an R/ECAP into a non-R/ECAP tract is the baseline threshold many PHAs use.

HUD's Choice Neighborhoods and Promise Zone programs stack on more criteria: school performance, employment access, transit scores, environmental indicators. Mobility programs funded under HUD's FY2021 and FY2022 appropriations used a similar multi-factor index.

The Opportunity Atlas uses a different measure entirely: the average income percentile at age 35 for children born to parents at the 25th income percentile. That is a cleaner outcome measure than inputs like school ratings, but it reflects conditions from 15 to 30 years ago.

For practical purposes, most mobility counselors call a zip code an opportunity area when:

• Poverty rate is below 15 percent (Census, ACS 5-year estimates)
• At least one public school rates at or above the metro median on state proficiency
• The violent crime rate is below the county median
• The area is not a HUD-designated R/ECAP

That four-part test comes from no single regulation, but it lines up with HUD guidance and the research.

How does the Opportunity Atlas actually work and how do you read it?

The Opportunity Atlas was built by Raj Chetty's Opportunity Insights group at Harvard from de-identified tax records for roughly 20 million Americans born between 1978 and 1983 ^[3]. It links where those people grew up to how they turned out as adults.

Open the map and each Census tract shows up on a color gradient. The default view is average household income at age 35 for children whose parents sat at the 25th income percentile nationally. That filter is the whole point: these are outcomes for kids from low-income families, not for everyone who grew up there.

You can also filter by:

• Race (Black, white, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian)
• Parental income percentile (25th, 50th, 75th)
• Outcome (income, incarceration, teen birth, college attendance)

A tract showing $40,000 median income at age 35 for low-income Black children is a different neighborhood, functionally, than the same tract showing $28,000. Opportunity is not evenly distributed inside a zip code, and HUD's fair housing obligations speak directly to racial equity.

The site (opportunityinsights.org) lets you hover over any tract and read the exact estimates with confidence intervals. When those intervals are wide (labeled "imprecise"), the sample for that tract is small and the estimate is shaky. Stick to tracts with narrow intervals.

One limitation matters a lot. The data reflects outcomes for people who grew up in these tracts during the 1980s and 1990s. Neighborhoods change. A tract that was high opportunity in 1990 may have gentrified past affordability. A tract that looks weak in the Atlas may have improved since. Use the Atlas as a strong starting point, then verify with current school and crime data.

Does your PHA have to help you find opportunity zip codes?

No federal regulation requires every PHA to run a mobility counseling program. But PHAs that take rental assistance funding from HUD carry fair housing obligations under the Fair Housing Act ^[7] and the AFFH framework, which translates into real pressure to support mobility moves.

HUD's FY2021 and FY2022 spending bills included dedicated money for voucher mobility activities, and HUD published a Housing Mobility Learning Agenda in 2022 laying out best practices. Some PHAs got direct mobility counseling grants through HUD's Housing Choice Voucher Mobility Demonstration. If your PHA is one of the roughly 20 that joined that demonstration, they have designated mobility staff.

No formal program? You still have options:

• Ask your caseworker whether they keep an opportunity area list even without a formal program
• Use the national tools above on your own
• Work with a HUD-approved housing counseling agency, which is free. Find one at HUD's counselor locator ^[8].
• Port your voucher to a receiving PHA in your target metro that may have stronger mobility infrastructure

VoucherReady runs a free search tool that filters listings by opportunity zip codes in major metros, which can shortcut the manual research above. Worth a look before you sink hours into spreadsheets.

Under 24 CFR 982.301, PHAs must brief voucher holders on where they can use the voucher, and HUD expects that briefing to cover opportunity areas. That is not a full mobility counseling program, but it does mean your housing authority has to at least raise the idea ^[9].

What is Small Area FMR and how does it change which zip codes are affordable?

Fair Market Rents (FMRs) are HUD's estimate of what a modest unit rents for in a market, and they cap what a voucher covers. HUD used to set one FMR for an entire metro. A voucher in Dallas might carry a single two-bedroom FMR of $1,300, whether the unit sat in a cheap suburb or a pricey one.

Small Area FMRs flip that. Under SAFMR rules, which apply mandatorily in about 24 metros as of 2023 and optionally in about 270 metros ^[4], HUD sets a separate FMR for each zip code. A Dallas zip near good schools might carry a two-bedroom SAFMR of $1,600, while a lower-opportunity zip nearby sits at $1,050.

This is the whole ballgame for opportunity searches. It means your voucher can cover market rents in high-opportunity areas instead of constantly coming up short. The Dallas Housing Authority saw meaningful movement of voucher holders into higher-opportunity zip codes after SAFMR implementation, according to HUD's 2018 evaluation of the SAFMR pilot ^[4].

To check whether your metro uses SAFMRs and what the zip-level rates are, go to HUD's FMR page and find the SAFMR schedule for your metro. Then compare those zip-level rates to the listings in your target opportunity zips. If the SAFMR covers the median asking rent there, you have a real shot. If it falls 20 percent short, you either hunt for below-median units or ask your PHA for a higher payment standard, which is allowed under 24 CFR 982.503 for high-cost areas ^[5].

How do you find Section 8 landlords willing to rent in opportunity zip codes?

This is usually the hardest part. Opportunity zip codes often have lower landlord participation in the voucher program, because those landlords have more market options and less financial pressure to accept vouchers.

A few approaches actually work.

Direct landlord outreach by your PHA. If your PHA runs a mobility program, it often has a landlord liaison whose entire job is convincing landlords in opportunity areas to sign HAP contracts. Highest-leverage move available, and it costs you nothing.

Landlord incentive programs. Several cities and states now offer signing bonuses ($500 to $2,500 is typical), vacancy payments during the inspection period, and damage mitigation funds to landlords who rent to voucher holders in opportunity areas. Ask your PHA whether your city or state runs one. HUD tracks these in its Moving to Work annual reports.

Targeted listing searches. Use go section 8 and similar platforms filtered to your target zip codes. Inventory varies a lot by metro, but it can surface landlords who already accept vouchers.

Community networking. Tenant advocacy groups, local nonprofit housing counselors, and faith communities sometimes keep informal landlord lists for voucher holders. Unverifiable, but genuinely useful.

One honest note. In very hot rental markets, even a landlord open to vouchers has little reason to take on the inspection and paperwork when they can rent to a market-rate tenant in 48 hours. If your target zip has a rental vacancy rate below 3 percent, expect a longer search. HUD's American Housing Survey tracks metro vacancy rates if you want to set your expectations ^[10].

Can you port your voucher to a different metro to reach opportunity zip codes?

Yes. Portability is one of the most underused rights in the voucher program. Under 24 CFR 982.353, a voucher holder who has met any initial lease-up requirement (typically at least 12 months of tenancy, though the issuing PHA sets the rule) can port their voucher to any jurisdiction in the country where a PHA administers the program ^[6].

Live in a metro with few opportunity zips, or where opportunity rents keep outrunning your payment standard? Porting can be the right move. The process:

1. Tell your issuing PHA you want to port. They are required to allow it if you meet their minimum tenancy rule. 2. Identify the receiving PHA in your target metro. HUD's PHA contact list (on HUD.gov) has every PHA in the country. 3. Your issuing PHA sends your voucher packet to the receiving PHA. 4. The receiving PHA either absorbs your voucher (pays from its own budget) or bills back to your issuing PHA. Either way, you search under the receiving PHA's payment standards, which may run higher or lower than yours.

Porting specifically to reach opportunity areas is something HUD explicitly contemplates. The agency's AFFH guidance describes portability as a tool families can use to access opportunity.

Before you port, research the receiving metro. Check whether it uses SAFMRs, what its opportunity zips look like on the Atlas, and whether the receiving PHA runs a mobility program. Porting into a metro with a strong mobility program can get you case management you would not have at home. Check open section 8 waiting lists to understand waitlist dynamics in the receiving area, since receiving PHAs can decline to absorb vouchers when funding is tight, though they cannot simply refuse to process the port.

What do the research results on mobility moves actually show?

The evidence here is unusually strong by social science standards, because HUD ran a genuine randomized experiment.

HUD's Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration ran from 1994 to 1998 and enrolled about 4,600 families in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York. Families were randomly assigned to a treatment group that got mobility vouchers plus counseling, a comparison group with regular vouchers, or a control group. Long-run follow-up data came out in 2015.

Chetty, Hendren, and Katz (2015) in the Quarterly Journal of Economics found: "Children who moved to lower-poverty areas when young (before age 13) have significantly better outcomes in adulthood." ^[1] Specifically, they earned about 31 percent more, were 9 percentage points more likely to attend college, and were less likely to be single parents.

Children who moved after age 13 saw smaller or no earnings benefits. That is exactly why mobility programs increasingly target families with young children.

Adults in the treatment group saw mental health gains and reductions in obesity-related conditions, though income effects for adults were modest.

Nobody has good data on how these effects translate to current mobility programs, which operate in housing markets very different from the 1990s MTO cities. The closest current evidence comes from HUD's Housing Choice Voucher Mobility Demonstration, launched around 2019 and still generating findings. Early administrative data suggested that mobility counseling meaningfully increased moves to higher-opportunity tracts, but the long-run outcome data will not land for years. The research base justifies the policy. It is not strong enough to predict your specific family's outcomes.

How does a PHA identify opportunity zip codes in its own jurisdiction?

This section is for PHA staff and mobility counselors who need to build or update their own opportunity area maps.

HUD's standard approach uses a multi-factor opportunity index pulled from the AFFH Data and Mapping Tool. The tool exports tract-level data on:

• Poverty rate (ACS 5-year)
• School proficiency index (ED data)
• Job proximity index (LEHD data)
• Labor market engagement index
• Transit access
• Environmental health index

PHAs typically set a threshold (say, the top 40 percent of tracts in the metro on an unweighted average of these indices) and map those as opportunity areas. Some add a floor on the school proficiency index specifically, because school quality is the reason families cite most often for wanting to move.

HUD's Assessment of Fair Housing (AFH) template, required for PHAs that get AFFH-covered funding, tells agencies to identify opportunity areas outright. Many PHAs have published their AFH documents, which include their opportunity maps. These are public records and a useful shortcut: find the AFH for any PHA in your target metro on HUD's website ^[2] and read their opportunity area map. That is authoritative for that jurisdiction.

For HUD housing programs other than vouchers (public housing, for instance), opportunity area criteria also shape where new development can be sited under the site and neighborhood standards at 24 CFR Part 983.

Are there any limits on how you can use an opportunity area voucher?

Opportunity area designation is a search tool, not a special voucher type. Most people searching opportunity zips carry a standard Housing Choice Voucher, which has the same rules everywhere: find a unit that passes HQS inspection, where the rent sits at or below the applicable payment standard (or where you can cover the difference), and where the landlord signs a HAP contract with your PHA.

A few programs do issue enhanced vouchers built for mobility (sometimes called Mobility Vouchers or Enhanced Mobility Vouchers). These may carry higher payment standards or extra counseling requirements. If your PHA or a nonprofit offers you a mobility-specific voucher, read the terms closely. The use restrictions (which units or zips you must pick from) are set by the program, not by federal law.

Under 24 CFR 982.1, the purpose of the voucher program is to give low-income families "a wider range of housing choices" including in "low-poverty neighborhoods." ^[5] That language is the regulatory hook for opportunity moves. It also means your PHA cannot legally steer you away from opportunity areas or talk you out of searching there.

One practical limit. If you find a unit in an opportunity zip where the asking rent runs above your payment standard, you can pay the difference as long as your total rent burden stays inside HUD's affordability rules. Under 24 CFR 982.508, your share of rent cannot top 40 percent of your monthly adjusted income at initial lease-up ^[5]. If an opportunity-area unit pushes you past that, the math does not work no matter how good the neighborhood is.

The housing section 8 program page at VoucherReady covers payment standard calculations in more detail, worth reading before you commit to a unit in a higher-cost zip.

Frequently asked questions

What is the easiest free tool to find opportunity zip codes for Section 8?

The Opportunity Atlas (opportunityinsights.org) is the easiest starting point. Type in your metro, set the filter to children from low-income families, and look for high-outcome Census tracts. Then cross-reference those tracts with HUD's SAFMR data to see whether your voucher payment standard actually covers rents in those zip codes. Both tools are free and require no account.

How is an opportunity zip code different from a fair market rent zip code?

An opportunity zip code describes neighborhood quality: low poverty, good schools, low crime, strong job access. A fair market rent zip code describes HUD's rental cost estimate for that area. They are separate concepts, though they interact. A zip code can be high-opportunity but unaffordable if HUD's SAFMR for that zip does not cover actual market rents. The best search finds zip codes that are both high-opportunity and within your payment standard.

Can my PHA refuse to let me move to an opportunity zip code in a different city?

No. Under 24 CFR 982.353, you have the right to port your voucher anywhere in the country where a PHA administers the program, as long as you have met your issuing PHA's minimum tenancy requirement (typically 12 months). Your PHA must process the port request; it cannot refuse to allow you to move to a specific city or state. They can counsel you on risks but cannot block a lawful portability move.

What poverty rate counts as low enough for a neighborhood to be a Section 8 opportunity area?

HUD does not set a single mandatory threshold, but the most common benchmark in mobility programs is a tract poverty rate below 15 percent, based on ACS 5-year estimates. Some programs use a stricter cutoff of 10 percent. HUD's AFFH framework identifies any tract with poverty above 40 percent (or three times the metro rate) as a Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Area of Poverty, the opposite end. Anything below 15 percent is generally considered opportunity territory.

Does moving to an opportunity zip code affect how much rent I pay with a voucher?

It can. In metros with Small Area FMRs, your payment standard is set at the zip-code level, so it may be higher in a high-opportunity area. If the SAFMR covers market rents there, your out-of-pocket share stays the same as anywhere else. If market rents exceed the SAFMR, you pay the difference. Under 24 CFR 982.508, that difference cannot push your total rent above 40 percent of your monthly adjusted income at initial lease-up.

Is the Opportunity Atlas reliable for picking a neighborhood today?

Partly. The Atlas reflects outcomes for people who grew up in these neighborhoods during the 1980s and 1990s, so its underlying data is 25 to 40 years old. Neighborhoods change. Use it as a strong starting point, then verify with current state school report card data, recent crime statistics from your local police department, and a visit to the neighborhood. The Atlas is best for spotting which metro areas and corridors offer strong opportunity, not for pinpointing a specific block.

Do landlords in high-opportunity areas have to accept Section 8 vouchers?

Federal law does not require private landlords to accept vouchers. But a growing number of states and cities have passed source of income anti-discrimination laws that prohibit landlords from refusing tenants solely because they use a voucher. As of 2024, about 17 states and many cities have these protections. Check whether your target state or city has one; if it does, a landlord cannot legally reject you just for having a voucher.

What is a mobility counselor and do I need one to search opportunity zip codes?

A mobility counselor is a trained housing specialist, usually at your PHA or a nonprofit partner, who helps voucher holders identify opportunity areas, search for units, negotiate with landlords, and get through the lease-up process in unfamiliar neighborhoods. You do not need one, since the public tools cover the basics. But if your PHA offers mobility counseling, take it. HUD's MTO research shows counseling significantly increases successful moves to high-opportunity areas.

How long does it take to find and lease a unit in an opportunity zip code?

Longer than a standard voucher search, typically. In most metros, expect two to four months from the start of your search to lease signing, assuming you are working actively. Landlord outreach takes time, inspections add a few weeks, and opportunity areas often have low vacancy rates. If your PHA gives you a 120-day search period, ask for an extension before it expires if you have not found a unit, since PHAs have discretion to grant extensions under 24 CFR 982.303.

Are there opportunity zip code programs specifically for families with children?

Yes. HUD's Housing Choice Voucher Mobility Demonstration prioritized families with children under 15, consistent with MTO research showing the largest benefits for young movers. Some PHAs reserve a portion of their vouchers for mobility moves by families in this age range. Contact your PHA to ask whether they have a targeted mobility track. HUD-approved housing counseling agencies, findable at HUD's website, also often specialize in mobility moves for families with children.

Can I use the Opportunity Atlas if I want to stay in the same city but move to a better neighborhood?

Absolutely, and that is one of its best uses. The Atlas shows tract-level variation inside a single metro, so you can compare two zip codes 10 miles apart and see real outcome differences. Set the filter to your target demographic, look for adjacent high-outcome tracts, and cross-check with your PHA's opportunity area list. Intra-metro moves often skip portability paperwork entirely, since your current PHA keeps administering the voucher.

What happens to my voucher if I move to an opportunity zip code and it does not work out?

You can move again, as long as you fulfill the initial lease term (typically 12 months) and give proper notice under your lease. Your voucher follows you. If you ported to a receiving PHA and want to move back to your original metro, you would port again. Your voucher does not expire just because a move did not go as planned, though it does expire if you fail to lease a unit within your search period without getting an extension.

Sources

1. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Chetty, Hendren & Katz (2015) - The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: Children who moved to lower-poverty areas before age 13 earned about 31 percent more as adults and were more likely to attend college than the control group in HUD's MTO demonstration.
2. HUD.gov - Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity office (AFFH Data and Mapping Tool): HUD's AFFH Data and Mapping Tool provides tract-level data on poverty rates, school proficiency, job access, and environmental health for opportunity area identification.
3. Opportunity Insights, Harvard University - Opportunity Atlas: The Opportunity Atlas uses IRS tax records for roughly 20 million Americans born 1978-1983 to show average adult outcomes by Census tract and parental income level.
4. HUDUser.gov - Fair Market Rents and Small Area Fair Market Rents: HUD designates Small Area FMRs for approximately 270 metro areas, setting payment standards at the zip-code level to improve voucher purchasing power in high-opportunity areas.
5. eCFR - 24 CFR Part 982, Housing Choice Voucher Program Regulations: Under 24 CFR 982.508, a voucher holder's share of rent cannot exceed 40 percent of monthly adjusted income at initial lease-up; 24 CFR 982.503 allows PHAs to set exception payment standards for high-cost areas.
6. eCFR - 24 CFR 982.353, Portability Rules for Housing Choice Vouchers: Under 24 CFR 982.353, voucher holders who have met their issuing PHA's minimum tenancy requirement may port their voucher to any jurisdiction in the country with an operating PHA.
7. HUD.gov - Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity office (AFFH rule history): HUD's AFFH final rule was first published in 2015, rescinded in 2020, and reinstated with modifications in 2023, establishing obligations for PHAs to affirmatively further fair housing including supporting access to opportunity areas.
8. HUD.gov - HUD-Approved Housing Counseling Agencies Locator: HUD maintains a searchable list of HUD-approved housing counseling agencies that provide free mobility counseling to voucher holders.
9. eCFR - 24 CFR 982.301, PHA Briefing Requirements for Voucher Holders: Under 24 CFR 982.301, PHAs are required to brief voucher holders on where they can use the voucher, including information about opportunity areas within the jurisdiction.
10. Census.gov - American Housing Survey: The American Housing Survey tracks rental vacancy rates by metro area, providing data useful for estimating search difficulty in specific housing markets.
11. HUDUser.gov - Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Final Impacts Evaluation: HUD's MTO demonstration enrolled approximately 4,600 families in five cities from 1994-1998 and generated long-run data on the effects of moving to lower-poverty neighborhoods.
12. HUD.gov - Public and Indian Housing (Housing Choice Voucher Mobility Demonstration): HUD's Housing Choice Voucher Mobility Demonstration, launched around 2019, funds PHAs to provide enhanced mobility counseling and landlord outreach to help voucher holders move to opportunity areas.